Abstract: The addition of high copper in pig feed is a lot of expert suggestion: the color of pig manure has nothing to do with feed digestibility, and is related to the ingredients of feed. The masses believe that pig manure is black and the digestibility of feed is high. This is related to the long-term use of green feed (sweet potato vine, wild vegetables) as the main feed in rural pigs in China. These green feeds are rich in chlorophyll, which causes the pig manure to turn black. When the pig is sick, the pig breeder often supplies more bran-type feed to the pig in order to improve the nutrition of the pig, and the color of the feces becomes lighter or yellower. In the long run, the unscientific concept of high digestibility of black manure and low digestibility of light color manure is formed.
Since Barber scholars first reported in 1955 that the addition of high copper to pig diets has contributed to the growth of pigs, a large number of scientific experiments have shown that in the past 50 years, feeds have been given high doses of copper [150-250 mg (mg) (kg). )] has the effect of promoting animal growth and improving feed returns. Foreign countries have long used high-dose copper in pig feed. Since the 1990s, high doses of copper have been commonly added to pig feed in China. In recent years, there have been some unscientific practices in using high-dose copper in pig diets, and some worrying sign. Some pig farmers think that the more copper is added to the feed, the better, even the blue copper sulphate particles are seen in the feed, and whether the feed product of the feed mill is high in quality, whether the pig manure is black enough, whether it is digested or absorbed. As a result, the amount of copper added in the feed is increasing, and some even exceed the safe dosage, causing waste, increasing the cost of breeding, and polluting the environment and affecting the health of humans and animals. Therefore, it is imperative to regulate the amount of copper added to the feed.
The role of copper
Nutritional role of copper
Copper is one of the essential trace elements in pigs. The most important physiological role is to participate in the metabolism of the body as a component of metalloenzymes. In pig breeding standards, 4-6 mg (4-6 ppm) of copper per kilogram of diet is generally prescribed. Commonly used cake-based feeds contain more copper, but corn and rice contain less copper. Corn and soybean meal-based diets require only a small amount of copper to meet the pig's copper requirements.
Copper [150-250mg (mg) (kg)] has the role of promoting piglet growth
Mainly in: improve the digestion and absorption of feed nutrients; anti-microbial effect; may promote the secretion of growth hormone; increased feed intake.
Mistakes in the addition of high copper in the
It is believed that the higher the copper addition, the darker the pig manure, the higher the digestibility of the
The first thing to declare is that the color of the pig manure has nothing to do with the feed digestibility and is related to the ingredients of the feed. The masses believe that pig manure is black and the digestibility of feed is high. This is related to the long-term use of green feed (sweet potato vine, wild vegetables) as the main feed in rural pigs in China. These green feeds are rich in chlorophyll, which causes the pig manure to turn black. When the pig is sick, the pig breeder often supplies more bran-type feed to the pig in order to improve the nutrition of the pig, and the color of the feces becomes lighter or yellower. In the long run, the unscientific concept of high digestibility of black feces and low digestibility of light colored feces is formed.
Pigs were fed with high-copper diets to make the pig manure black to black. This is due to the fact that the copper source (copper sulfate) added to the diet is decomposed in the intestine to produce black copper sulfide and copper oxide, and there may be excessive black iron sulfide. Pig farmers think that the feed of black manure after pig food is a good feed. The darker the better, this is obviously one-sided and unscientific. This is often the result of misleading by certain practitioners or certain distributors in the feed industry. If the pig manure is as dark as possible according to the user's requirements, how high is the amount of copper sulfate added? The maximum tolerance of pigs to copper is 250 mg per kilogram of feed. Exceeding this limit will result in Pig copper poisoning, metabolic disorders, decreased growth rate, increased mortality. In order to promote the growth of pigs, how much copper must be added to the feed is the best? Many test results are not exactly the same, some are better than 125ppm when adding 250ppm; some are the same effect of adding 125ppm and 250ppm; some are added 125 ppm is slightly better than 250 ppm. There is no complete agreement on the optimum amount of copper in the additive, and in the effective pharmacological range (125-250 ppm), the additive effect of copper is not positively correlated with the dose.
High-dose copper is added to the feed of the whole growth stage of the pig.
Many farmers prefer to use high copper throughout the pig's growth stage, even in the sow's diet, especially in some feed production companies, using the characteristics of the farmer's misunderstanding that the feed digestibility is related to fecal black. It is intended to add high copper to all stages of pig feed to seek a selling point. The results of many experiments at home and abroad show that the growth promoting effect of high copper is only obvious in the early growth stage of pigs (15-40 kg), and has little effect on the late growth stage (after 40 kg). Wallace concluded that 154 high-copper tests since 1967 showed that high copper can increase pig weight gain, including 27.1% for piglets, 6.5% for pigs, 3.6% for fat pigs, and 8.3% for feed conversion. 2.3% and 1.1%, the results showed that copper supplementation was better for early weaned piglets. In large pigs (finishing pigs, there is no significant effect. This may be due to the fact that high copper has been used to accumulate large amounts of copper in the liver. Some researchers suggest that large pigs (50 kg later) do not need to be added to the diet. Dose of copper.
One-sided pursuit of high copper, ignoring the balance between high copper and other nutrients
Both zinc and iron have an antagonistic effect on copper. When high copper is added to the diet, the absorption of iron and zinc is affected. Therefore, high copper (250 mg/kg) is added to the feed, and a certain amount of zinc must be added (150 mg/ Kilograms and iron (150 mg/kg) can achieve good results. The large amount of trace elements will accelerate the destruction of vitamins in the feed, and the amount of dietary vitamins containing high doses of trace elements should also increase accordingly.
Copper [150-250mg (mg) (kg)] can promote growth and improve feed remuneration, but it must be considered when meeting the nutritional needs and nutritional balance of pigs, because the effective energy and protein in the feed are guaranteed to be fast. The most important material basis for growth, in the context of meeting energy and protein, must also meet the needs of pigs for other nutrients. It is only hoped that by adding high copper to improve feed quality and promote animal growth, it will definitely be partial. Not only does it not achieve the expected growth effect, but because high copper affects the use of other nutrients by pigs, it hinders the growth of pigs.
The use of high copper in
High copper is added to the whole feed of growing and finishing pigs, causing copper to remain in pig products, causing harm to human health.
Copper is mainly in the pig body, which is distributed in the liver, brain, kidney, heart, hair, pancreas, spleen, muscle, skin and bone. The liver is the main organ of copper metabolism, and it is also the main organ for storing copper in pigs. There was a significant positive correlation between copper content in body tissues and dietary copper content. When adult pigs consume normal copper-containing diets, the liver copper concentration is 12-48 mg/kg (calculated as dry matter). When the fattening pigs ingest high-copper diets throughout the period, the pig liver can contain up to 120 mg/kg of copper. In China, people like to eat pig liver. Whether such high copper content has reached the endangered human health is worth studying.
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