Sweet pepper anthracnose is a widespread disease that affects sweet pepper crops across the country, significantly reducing yield and quality. The disease comes in two main forms: black anthracnose and red anthracnose, both of which require prompt and effective pesticide management to prevent serious losses.
Black anthracnose typically affects both leaves and fruits, with mature fruits and older leaves being most vulnerable. Infected areas appear brown, water-soaked, and sunken, often oval or irregular in shape. A distinct concentric ring pattern may be visible, along with small, dark fruiting bodies (conidial discs). The stems and fruit stalks can also be affected, showing similar symptoms—brown, sunken lesions that are irregular in shape and prone to breaking.
Red anthracnose, on the other hand, mainly occurs on young and ripe fruits. When conditions are moist, the surface of the infected fruit becomes covered with a reddish or pink, sticky substance, making it easily identifiable.
Several environmental and agricultural factors contribute to the severity of anthracnose. High temperatures and humidity, continuous cropping without crop rotation, poor drainage, over-crowding, excessive nitrogen fertilizer use, poor air circulation, and the presence of viral diseases or sunburn injuries all increase the risk of infection.
To manage this disease effectively, a combination of cultural and chemical control methods is recommended:
1. **Cultural Control**: Start by selecting disease-free seeds and planting them properly. After harvest, promptly remove any diseased plants, fruits, or leaves. Rotate crops with legumes or melon vegetables for 2–3 years to break the disease cycle. Plant at an appropriate density—around 4,000–6,000 holes per acre—and consider double planting in each hole. Apply sufficient base fertilizer, along with balanced phosphorus and potassium. Keep the field clean by regularly weeding, ensuring proper drainage, and maintaining good ventilation. Early control of leaf diseases is also essential.
2. **Chemical Control**: Before sowing, soak seeds in 55°C warm water for 10 minutes, then cool and plant. Alternatively, soak seeds in a 500-fold dilution of 50% carbendazim for one hour. Another method involves soaking seeds in cold water for 10–12 hours, followed by a 5-minute dip in a 1% copper sulfate solution. Add slaked lime or ash to neutralize the solution before planting. During the early stages of the disease, spray 75% chlorothalonil diluted 500–800 times, or 58% metalaxyl-manganese zinc diluted 400–500 times. One of these treatments should be applied every 7 days for 2–3 times. Additionally, using 22% chlorothalonil as a fumigant in the evening, smoked three times, can enhance the effectiveness of the treatment.
By implementing these integrated strategies, farmers can significantly reduce the impact of sweet pepper anthracnose and protect their crops from economic loss.
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