The self-ballasted fluorescent lamp for general illumination is a new compact electric light source (commonly known as energy-saving lamp) composed of a single-ended fluorescent tube and an electronic ballast. The energy-saving lamp has small volume, power saving, high luminous efficiency, soft light, etc. Advantages, therefore, current energy-saving lighting products are increasingly accepted and used by consumers. Most of the energy-saving lamps on the market today are compact, and the sockets are completely unified with the incandescent lamps. The general energy-saving lamps are classified according to the shape of the lamp: they are named in the form of English letters, such as H-shaped, U-shaped, D-shaped, spiral, etc. Different shapes adapt to different assembly requirements.
A treatment plant for lake Kinneret water, comprising treatment by two filtration steps, flocculation and disinfection with chlorine dioxide, was studied with a view to evaluating the effect of ClO2 disinfection on drinking water quality and determining the optimal mode of operation for the treatment plant. Four modes of operation were studied and the optimal mode was defined as that in which the flocculant (aluminium sulphate) was introduced before the first, and ClO2 after the second, filtration. The finished water contained a residue of approx. 0.2 mgl−1 ClO2, approx. 0.35 mgl−1ClO2− and low concentrations of suspended matter (1.5 mgl−1) and of chlorophyll (0.1 μgl−1). Trihalomethane concentrations were negligible, and the bacteriological quality of the water was within the health authorities' requirements. It was shown that disinfection of treated water (after flocculation and filtration) was much more effective than that of raw water. Furthermore, disinfection in the optimal mode prevents accumulation of high chlorite concentrations leaving a residue of ClO2.
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