**Underground Accident Handling Procedures**
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**Lifesaving Measures**
**(A) Rescue Actions**
1. When it is discovered that a person has fallen into a well and is injured or unconscious, the first step is to confirm whether the well structure is stable. If there is no immediate danger of collapse, appropriate rescue methods should be applied to extract the individual safely.
2. If the well opening is too narrow or has collapsed, quickly mobilize external resources such as excavators or pile drivers to dig channels or drill holes from the side in order to reach the victim.
3. In cases where the person who fell into the well is conscious and uninjured, ropes or lifting equipment should be used immediately to pull them out and ensure their safe recovery.
**On-Site First Aid and Transfer**
After the rescue is complete, survivors must receive prompt medical attention and be transported to a hospital as soon as possible. For those confirmed dead by on-site medical personnel, they should be handed over to the police for further handling.
**Safety Measures During Underground Rescue**
Underground rescue operations are highly dangerous, so ensuring the safety of both rescuers and victims is crucial for achieving "scientific and fail-safe" rescue.
1. During the operation, it's essential to prevent the respirator mask from falling off or the air supply line from being damaged. Personnel around the wellhead should be limited in number to avoid accidental falls or objects dropping into the well. If using a triangular rescue bracket, it must be checked for stability before use.
2. When excavation is involved, safety observers should monitor the site continuously. The excavator must avoid hitting the well walls, which could endanger the trapped person. Additionally, after digging to a certain depth, slope reinforcement should be carried out to prevent collapse. Due to varying conditions at each site, fire rescue teams must analyze the situation carefully, utilize available equipment, and prioritize safety during the operation. A rapid withdrawal plan must also be in place in case of emergencies.
3. Before starting an underground rescue, the actual conditions inside the well must be assessed. Rescuers must wear respirators and safety ropes to protect themselves.
**Scene Reconnaissance and Preparation**
Upon arrival at the scene, the first task is to conduct a thorough reconnaissance.
1. Gather information about when the incident occurred, the cause, the number of people involved, their age, and gender. Immediately test if anyone is still responsive.
2. Determine the size of the well opening, its depth, the risk of collapse, and check for water accumulation or presence of toxic gases.
3. For more complex deep wells, tools like "Snake Eye" life detectors can help locate individuals. For municipal or industrial wells, obtain detailed pipeline maps from relevant authorities to understand the layout and structure.
**Rescue Preparation**
1. Set up a warning zone and organize teams. Avoid overcrowding at the wellhead to prevent additional risks. Assign roles and establish backup teams.
2. If water is present in the well, use a pump to lower the water level and reduce the risk of submersion. If harmful gases are detected, use ventilation equipment to lower their concentration.
3. Safety officers must inspect all equipment, including respirators, ropes, and harnesses. Ensure the safety rope is properly anchored and documented.
4. Provide fresh air to the well using blowers or portable oxygen tanks. This helps prevent suffocation for those trapped below.
5. Lower a rope into the well and secure the trapped person to prevent further falling. If the victim is a child, a fire hook or rebar can be used to assist in pulling them up, saving energy while waiting for full rescue.
**Challenges in Underground Rescue**
1. **Limited Space**: Most well openings are less than one meter in diameter, making it difficult for rescuers to enter. Even when possible, movement is restricted, complicating rescue efforts.
2. **Urgency of Time**: Many victims are already injured or unconscious, with no chance of self-rescue. The low oxygen and high carbon dioxide levels in the well make time a critical factor in determining the success of the rescue.
**Environmental Risks in Rescue**
Oxygen levels below 18% can lead to dizziness and unconsciousness. Carbon dioxide accumulates quickly in deep wells, creating a dangerous environment for both the victim and rescuers. In urban sewage systems, decaying materials may release harmful gases like hydrogen sulfide, posing serious health risks. Additionally, dark, humid, and poorly ventilated conditions can harm both the victim and rescuers.
**Innovations in Underground Rescue**
**Multi-Function Shaft Rescue Equipment – Jiamusi Fire Protection Innovation**
In September 2005, the Jiamusi Fire Brigade developed a multi-function shaft rescue device. It consists of two six-meter ladders, a detachable frame with eight-meter steel pipes, a fixed pulley, a 30-meter steel wire rope, a seat belt, a rotating hub, and a safety hook. The device can be assembled in just three minutes, allowing quick deployment during emergencies. This invention filled a gap in grassroots rescue equipment, enabling firefighters to save 25 lives in deep wells.
**Self-Made "Earth Invention" Saves Lives**
On September 3, 2009, a farmer’s wife in Henan Province fell into a 25-meter-deep well. Firefighters used their self-made "earth invention" to rescue her within 20 minutes. Since then, this tool has saved 25 people.
**Hengshui Fire Department's Deep Well Rescuer**
To improve rural well safety, Hengshui Fire Department developed a special "deep well rescuer." This tripod-based device allows three rescue belts to be lowered simultaneously, increasing efficiency. It is cost-effective, easy to carry, and has a near 100% success rate in rescuing children.
**Handan Firefighters' First Deep Well Rescue Device**
On July 8, 2010, firefighters in Handan used a deep well rescuer invented by Chen Jianqiang to save a child. The device includes a triangular support, middle connection pipe, and bottom rescue platform, along with video, audio, and oxygen monitoring systems. It was later upgraded to a deep well rescue robot (model 2).
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