**Underground Accident Handling Procedures**
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**Lifesaving Measures**
**(A) Rescue Operations**
**(1)** When it is discovered that a person has fallen into a well and is injured or unconscious, the first step is to confirm whether the well structure is stable and if there is a risk of further collapse. If the well is safe, an immediate rescue should be initiated.
**(2)** If the well opening is too narrow or has collapsed, quickly mobilize external resources such as excavators or pile drivers to dig from the side or drill a hole to reach the victim.
**(3)** For victims who are conscious and not seriously injured, use ropes or lifting equipment to safely pull them out of the well.
**On-Site First Aid and Transfer**
After the rescue, the survivor should receive immediate medical attention and be transported to a hospital. If the victim is confirmed dead by medical personnel, they should be handed over to the local authorities for further handling.
**Safety Measures for Underground Rescue**
Rescuing someone from underground is one of the most dangerous operations. Ensuring the safety of both rescuers and the victim is essential for successful and secure operations.
**(1)** During the rescue, ensure that respirator masks remain in place and air supply lines are not damaged. Personnel near the wellhead must be cautious to prevent falling objects or structural collapse. If using a triangular rescue bracket, check its stability before use.
**(2)** When using excavation tools like excavators, have safety observers on site at all times. Avoid hitting the well walls and monitor for potential collapses. Reinforce steep slopes after digging to maintain stability. Each rescue scene is unique, so firefighters must analyze the situation carefully, use available equipment, and prioritize safety. A clear plan for rapid evacuation must also be in place.
**(3)** Before starting any underground operation, assess the conditions below. Confirm if the well is at risk of collapsing and ensure that rescuers wear proper protective gear, including respirators and safety ropes.
**Scene Reconnaissance**
Once the team arrives, the first task is to gather critical information about the incident:
**(1)** Ask about the time of the fall, the cause, the number of people involved, their age, gender, and check if anyone is still alive.
**(2)** Measure the well’s size, depth, and check for signs of wall collapse, water accumulation, or presence of toxic gases.
**(3)** Use advanced tools like "Snake Eye" life detectors to locate trapped individuals in complex wells. For municipal or industrial deep wells, obtain design maps from relevant departments to understand the layout and structure.
**Preparation for Rescue**
**(1)** Establish a warning zone and organize teams with clear roles. Limit the number of people near the well to avoid causing further damage.
**(2)** If there is water in the well, use a pump to lower the water level. If toxic gases are present, ventilate the area to reduce their concentration.
**(3)** Inspect all safety equipment, including respirators, ropes, and harnesses. Ensure the anchor points are secure and record all checks.
**(4)** Provide fresh air to the well using blowers or oxygen bottles. This helps prevent suffocation and keeps the trapped person conscious.
**(5)** Lower a rope into the well and secure the victim to prevent further falls. For younger victims, use a hook or rebar to assist in pulling them up.
**Challenges in Underground Rescue**
**(1)** Limited space: Most well openings are less than one meter in diameter, making it difficult for rescuers to enter. Even when possible, movement is restricted, complicating rescue efforts.
**(2)** Time sensitivity: Many victims are injured or unconscious, leaving no chance for self-rescue. The low oxygen and high carbon dioxide levels underground can lead to rapid deterioration, making quick action crucial.
**Environmental Risks**
Oxygen levels below 18% can cause dizziness and unconsciousness. In deep wells, carbon dioxide can accumulate, creating a life-threatening environment. Toxic gases like hydrogen sulfide may also be present, especially in sewage systems. These conditions pose serious risks to both victims and rescuers.
**Innovations in Underground Rescue**
Firefighters across China have developed various tools to improve rescue efficiency.
**Jiamusi Fire Protection Innovation – Multi-Function Shaft Rescue Equipment**
In September 2005, the Jiamusi Fire Brigade introduced a multi-functional shaft rescue device. It consists of ladders, steel pipes, pulleys, ropes, and a harness. The device can be assembled in just three minutes and has been used to save 25 lives since its creation.
**Hengshui Fire Department – Deep Well Rescuer**
The Hengshui Fire Department improved upon traditional equipment to create a new deep well rescuer. Designed as a tripod, it allows multiple rescue belts to be lowered simultaneously, increasing efficiency. Its low cost, ease of use, and high success rate make it ideal for rural areas.
**Handan Firefighters – First Deep Well Rescue Device**
In July 2010, the Fuping Fire Squadron used a deep well rescuer invented by Chen Jianqiang to save a child. The device included video, audio, and oxygen systems, allowing real-time monitoring and communication. It was later upgraded to include a robot for future operations.
These innovations have significantly improved the speed and safety of underground rescues, saving countless lives.
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