During the storage, transportation, sale, and use of feed, it is highly susceptible to mold contamination. The growth and reproduction of mold in feed not only consume essential nutrients but also degrade feed quality, reduce its value, and lead to health issues such as diarrhea, enteritis, impaired digestion, and weakened immune function. In severe cases, this can even result in animal deaths. Therefore, feed manufacturers and researchers worldwide place significant emphasis on developing and applying anti-mold technologies.
In recent years, various anti-mold techniques have been widely used in both China and abroad. One of these methods is radiation sterilization. After feed is ground or pelleted, it may carry harmful bacteria like Salmonella and E. coli. American researchers tested chicken feed exposed to 10 kGy of radiation and stored it at 30°C with 80% humidity for a month. No mold growth was observed, while non-irradiated feed became moldy within the same period. This method effectively prevents spoilage and extends shelf life.
Another common approach is the use of anti-mold agents. Many countries employ substances such as potassium iodide, calcium iodate, calcium propionate, formic acid, seaweed powder, and citrus peel extracts. Japanese researchers found that a combination of different agents works better. They mixed 92% seaweed powder with 4% calcium iodate and 4% calcium propionate, adding 8% to the feed. When stored under 30°C and 100% humidity, the feed remained mold-free for a month, while untreated feed became moldy within five days. This led to the development of an efficient anti-mold agent using seaweed powder and calcium iodate.
Mold-proof packaging is another effective technique. Japanese researchers developed a special feed bag made from polyolefin resin containing 0.01% to 0.50% vanillin or ethyl vanillin. These compounds slowly release into the feed, preventing mold growth and providing a pleasant aroma that improves palatability. The outer layer of the bag is coated to prevent the loss of vanillin, ensuring long-term effectiveness. The concentration must be carefully controlled—too low reduces effectiveness, while too high affects the film's integrity.
Combining chemical disinfection with radiation has also proven successful. Soviet researchers found that treating feed with ammonia, propionic acid, or formic acid before irradiation with ultraviolet light (120 kJ/m²) significantly reduced microbial growth by 99.8%. This method not only prevents mold but also increases vitamin D levels in feed, making it more nutritious than either method alone.
Lastly, genetic modification of fungi is an innovative strategy. Aflatoxin-producing molds like Aspergillus can be genetically altered to lose their ability to produce toxins. These modified fungi can outcompete natural strains, reducing aflatoxin contamination in feed and improving safety.
These advanced anti-mold technologies play a crucial role in maintaining feed quality and ensuring the health of livestock, highlighting the importance of ongoing research and innovation in the feed industry.
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