Fertilizer application plays a crucial role in the growth and development of watermelon plants. By understanding the specific nutrient needs at different growth stages, farmers can apply topdressing effectively to enhance both the quality and yield of the crop while improving fertilizer efficiency. Typically, after applying the base fertilizer, it is recommended to perform three main topdressing applications throughout the growing season.
First, a light application during the seedling stage is essential. Once the seedlings have established and reached the 4-5 leaf stage, it's time to apply a small amount of nitrogen-rich fertilizer. A common practice is to use about 5 kg of urea per acre, preferably in a 0.5% solution, and to apply it near the roots by digging a shallow furrow about 10-15 cm away from the plant. This helps promote healthy root development without causing damage. For weak seedlings, an additional "eccentric" fertilizer can be used, but care must be taken not to over-fertilize or place the fertilizer too close to the roots, as this could harm the plant and lead to dead seedlings.
Second, a more substantial application is needed when the vines begin to grow rapidly. At this stage, the plant requires more nutrients to support its vigorous growth. It is best to use high-quality organic fertilizers such as cake manure or well-rotted animal manure. Applying approximately 50-100 grams of cake fertilizer per plant or 15 kg of compound fertilizer per acre is effective. When the vines reach about 30 cm in length, a shallow furrow of around 10 cm should be dug on the side of the vine, and the soil should be covered after watering. Farmers with fertile soil, strong seedlings, and sufficient base fertilizer may reduce or even skip this step, as excessive nutrients can lead to excessive vegetative growth and affect fruit set.
Third, a heavy application is required once the fruits begin to develop. During the fruit expansion phase, watermelons have the highest demand for nutrients. This is typically done in two stages, focusing mainly on phosphorus and potassium, with some nitrogen added for balance. The first topdressing should be applied when the fruits are about the size of an egg, using around 20-25 kg of phosphorus fertilizer, 5-6 kg of urea, or 15-20 kg of diammonium phosphate, along with 15 kg of potassium sulfate. The second application is made when the fruits are larger, using 5-7.5 kg of diammonium phosphate and 2-3 kg of potassium sulfate. Fertilization should be done immediately after irrigation to avoid damaging the plant.
In addition to these main applications, foliar feeding can also be beneficial depending on the plant's needs. Spraying with a 1-1.5% superphosphate solution or mixing 0.5% urea with other additives like dimethoate or methyl thiophanate can help improve overall plant health and resistance to diseases. These supplementary applications ensure that the plants receive all necessary nutrients in a timely manner, supporting their growth and maximizing yield.
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