With the advancement of society, people's awareness of environmental protection has been continuously increasing. As a result, low-toxicity and low-residue pesticides, along with biological control methods, are gaining more attention and acceptance. In the cultivation of flowers, **biological pesticides** have become widely recognized and extensively used due to their advantages such as no residue, no pollution, and minimal impact on the environment. Among the most commonly accepted biological pesticides globally are antibiotics, bacterial agents, entomopathogenic nematodes, insect hormones, and insect viruses.
One of the key biological pesticides used in controlling flower leaf pests is **Bt emulsion**, which is derived from *Bacillus thuringiensis*. According to the **Pesticide Network**, its main active ingredient is the hemispore crystal, making it one of the most widely used bio-pesticides worldwide. The mechanism of action involves the Bt insecticidal toxin, which causes disease in the digestive system of the pest. After consuming leaves treated with Bt emulsion, leaf-eating pests experience convulsions, stop feeding, show slow responses, and suffer from diarrhea. Eventually, a black ring appears in the abdomen, spreading throughout the body, leading to poisoning and death. Dead pests turn black and soft, often hanging on leaves or branches. Bt agents are effective against various lepidopteran larvae and spider mites, including species like the heartworm, yellow thorn moth, and locust moth, primarily targeting the larval stages of these pests.
Another important category of pest control is **insect growth regulators**. One example is **chlorfenapyr**, a new type of insect growth regulator that works by inhibiting chitin synthesis in the insect's epidermis. While primarily a stomach poison, chlorfenapyr can also penetrate the insect's cuticle. It offers excellent control, long residual effects, low cost, rain resistance, and high safety for both plants and humans. It is also environmentally friendly and helps reduce pest resistance.
In addition to microbial and chemical insecticides, **plant-based pesticides** are increasingly being used. These include:
- **Fruit and vegetable net (0.5% alizarin emulsifiable concentrate)**: A plant-derived pesticide that is highly effective, safe, and leaves little to no residue. It has contact killing, stomach poisoning, and antifeedant properties without harming the flowers.
- **1% Smoke·Bai·Oil**: A multi-standard Chinese herbal emulsifiable insecticide that quickly controls resistant pests. It degrades easily, is safe for use, and has no harmful residues.
- **Baicao No.1 (0.6% matrine·lactone aqueous solution)**: Made from various plants and traditional herbs, this pesticide works through contact and some stomach poisoning, promoting plant growth while controlling aphids and leaf-eaters.
- **Hundreds of Insects (1.2% smoke·ginseng emulsifiable concentrate)**: A plant-based pesticide containing nicotine and matrine, effective against a wide range of pests with contact, stomach, and fumigation actions. It is safe for humans, animals, and the environment.
For sucking pests on flowers, **antibiotic-based pesticides** are widely used. **Qiqisu (1.8%, 0.9%)**, also known as Aifuding, contains avermectin and is highly effective against resistant mites, leaf miners, and other pests. It has stomach and contact toxicity and is safer for beneficial insects compared to chemical pesticides. It breaks down easily in sunlight and air, leaving no residue and being safe for both humans and plants.
Other antibiotics include **Liuyangmycin (10% water preparation)** and **Huaguangmycin (2.5% powder preparation)**, both of which are acaricides that do not pollute the environment and protect beneficial insects.
Plant-based pesticides such as **Guard Birds (0.5% cucurbitacin)** are also popular. They are particularly effective against aphids, especially those that develop resistance quickly, and have some effect on leafhoppers as well.
Lastly, **fungal pesticides**, like **Quercetin**, are gaining traction. This fungal bio-pesticide contains ester-soluble sterol compounds, is low in toxicity, and effectively controls aphids and leafhoppers without harming beneficial insects like ladybugs and grasshoppers. It also promotes flower growth.
As advised by the **China Pesticide Network**, when using bio-pesticides, it is essential to correctly identify the pest type before application. Blind use may lead to inefficiency or harm. Always follow guidelines to ensure optimal results and environmental safety.
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