With the advancement of society, people's awareness of environmental protection has been gradually increasing. As a result, low-toxicity and low-residue pesticides, along with biological control methods, are gaining more attention and acceptance. In the cultivation of flowers, **biological pesticides** have become widely recognized and commonly used due to their advantages such as no residue, no pollution, and being environmentally friendly. Globally, antibiotics, bacterial agents, entomopathogenic nematodes, insect hormones, and insect viruses are among the most accepted biological controls.
One of the key biological pesticides used in flower pest management is **Bt emulsion**, a microbial pesticide derived from *Bacillus thuringiensis*. According to the **Pesticide Network**, its main active ingredient is the hemispore crystal, making it one of the most widely used bio-pesticides worldwide. The mechanism of Bt emulsion involves the production of toxins that affect the digestive system of pests. When leaf-eating insects consume leaves treated with Bt, they experience convulsions, stop feeding, become sluggish, and suffer from diarrhea. Eventually, a black ring appears in their abdomen, spreading throughout the body, leading to death. After dying, the pests turn black and soft, often hanging from leaves or falling to the ground. Bt is effective against various lepidopteran larvae and spider mites, including species like the heartworm, yellow thorn moth, and locust moth.
Another category of pest control includes **insect growth regulators**. One example is **chlorfenapyr**, a new type of insect growth regulator that works by inhibiting chitin synthesis in the insect’s exoskeleton. It acts primarily as a stomach poison but can also penetrate the insect’s skin. This product offers long-lasting effectiveness, cost efficiency, rain resistance, and is safe for both plants and the environment. It also reduces the risk of resistance development in pests.
In addition, **plant-based pesticides** are becoming increasingly popular. For instance, **Fruit and Vegetable Net (0.5% alizarin emulsifiable concentrate)** is a plant-derived pesticide that is highly effective, safe, and leaves minimal residue. It has contact and stomach poisoning effects, as well as some antifeedant properties, without harming the flowers.
Other examples include **1% Smoke·Bai·Oil**, a multi-standard Chinese herbal emulsifiable insecticide that is effective against resistant pests and degrades quickly without leaving toxic residues. **Baicao No. 1 (0.6% matrine·lactone aqueous solution)** is another plant-based pesticide made from herbs like *Sophora alopecuroides*, which helps promote plant growth while controlling aphids and leaf-eaters. **Hundreds of Insects (1.2% smoke·ginseng emulsifiable concentrate)** contains nicotine and matrine, offering stomach, contact, and fumigant effects on pests, with no harm to humans, animals, or the environment.
For sucking pests on flowers, **antibiotic-based pesticides** like **Qiqisu (1.8%, 0.9%)** are widely used. Its active ingredient, **avermectin**, is effective against resistant pests such as spider mites, leaf miner moths, and hibiscus pests. It has both stomach and contact toxicity, and unlike chemical pesticides, it allows beneficial insects to recover faster, helping maintain ecological balance. Qiqisu breaks down easily in sunlight and oxygen, leaving no harmful residues.
Other antibiotics include **Liuyangmycin (10% water preparation)** and **Huaguangmycin (2.5% powder preparation)**, both of which are acaricides that are environmentally friendly and do not harm beneficial insects.
Another plant-based pesticide is **Guard Birds (0.5% cucurbitacin)**, which is particularly effective against aphids, especially those resistant to traditional pesticides, and also has some effect on leafhoppers.
Lastly, **fungal pesticides** like **Quercetin** are emerging as a promising option. This fungal bio-pesticide targets aphids and leafhoppers effectively without harming beneficial insects such as ladybugs and grasshoppers. It also promotes flower growth.
As highlighted by the **China Pesticide Network**, when using biological pesticides, it is essential to identify the specific pest before application. A targeted approach ensures better results and avoids unnecessary use. Always follow proper guidelines to maximize effectiveness and minimize environmental impact.
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